Franz Innerhofer, Beautiful Days. Trans. by Anselm Hollo. Urizen Books, 1977
Come on, then!
Stay right there!
Keep still now!
Life on a hill-farm, a country childhood: eleven years of servitude, fear and humiliation. Only then does Holl find the strength and the courage to break free and leave his father’s farm, to set out on a new life fit for a human being.
“Torn away from the care of a childless woman, Roll suddenly found himself transplanted in an alien world.... From the very beginning the events around Roll caused him great confusion inside.” So begins an extraordinary semi‐autobiographical novel by a young Austrian writer, a valorous fiction about childhood, brutality, the birth of a shocked sense of what the world is like, the struggle for a self, the decision, against all tyrannical “events,” not to go mad.
Holl is an illegitimate child whose mother, unable to keep him, sends him at 3 or 4 to his father, the owner of a large farm, where Holl spends the rest of his childhood and youth. “It was a large world, and Holl, while being moved around like an object, tried to grope his way .Into it.” His earliest memories are of being “told what he was not allowed to do and what he had to do; anything else he heard was incomprehensible, consisting of alien words, directed to alien people.”
As far as this goes the childhood resembles most others. But what gives it a special, appalling distinctiveness, what seems to cast it out of our experience and into an almost legendary realm—a universe of Dickens and the Brothers Grimm—is the absolute na‐, ture of Hall's mistreatment. From the start he is made to work beyond his strength and is abused and beaten ferociously, steadily, with an intensity and meticulousness that suggest some sort of commitment to the activity, some cold unchallengeable principle.
The father, called the Farmer throughout (Holls stepmother is the Wife), is cruel, violent, avaricious, the inheritor of a traditional way of life comprised largely of those qualities. It is as though (Holl comes to understand) the man has been shaped into hatefulness the way others might be shaped into goodness, through an unquestioning indoctrination into what has been thought to be the proper mode of treating those over whom one has power. The world of the farm is organized like a feudal fief, its life an unremitting round of exhausting, hopeless labor. Although he is cut off from the workers, or “serfs” as Innerhofer calls them, by his membership in the family, Roll identifies with them in their powerlessness and misery, of which “they were aware...but had no words, no language to express it in.”
And so this “inwardly slapped‐inthe‐face person who wants to shed his body and leap out of it” goes through the successive stages of his suffering, growing in rage and bitterness while the merciless institutions of the school and the church (in both places Holl sees only accomplices in his degradation) fashion their “product,” the link he constitutes in the great chain of dehumanization. Continually summoning up strength’ from unknown sources, he endures the beatings and fights off the glances that would redube him to an object. “On one hand, he had a high opinion of himself, and wanted to go on living: on the other, he was merely a chattel and knew that he would be missed only as such, without ever having achieved the status of a real human being.”
He survives. When he reaches his late teens he gains the power, legal and, at last, emotional, to leave. The book ends with his departure from the farm to become a blacksmith's apprentice: “after more than seventeen years he suddenly found himself among human beings.” But the optimism is tempered. As he walks down the stairs of the farmhouse he bangs his head against a beam he had encountered many painful times before. The last sentence of the novel is “Still.”
“Beautiful Days,” whose title comes from the same dimension of irony. as Beckett's “O Les Beaux Jours,” makes its horrifying substance known without comment, self‐pity or outcry. Franz innerhofer's style is hard, dry, matter‐of‐fact, with only an occasional elegiac note or piece of metaphysical questioning allowed to vary its controlled, icy recounting of events. The result is a novel that many readers, educated to expect and value complication, development, density of texture, will be likely to find narrow and “boring.”
And indeed there is nothing expansive about the book, nothing witty. or learned, nothing “literary” at all. In his stripped, unindulgent style Innerhofer links up with that new generation of writers—Martin Sperr, Wolfgang Bauer, Franz Xavier Kroetz—who were all born during or just after the War (Innerhofer in 1943) and who have brought a.new quality into German writing, fashioning a literature without pressing literary ambitions, in a language whose primary aim is not evocation but a making up for what has remained silent. It is a politically oriented kind of theater and fiction, of course, but at its best, as in this book, there is nothing tendentious or ideological about it. There is no theory. At one point Holl asks himself “Am I now a victim of fate? He scrutinizes the word, and it dissolves into people who had disposed of him and are still disposing of him....” The movement is from abstraction, in literature as in to liberating specificity. - Richard Gilman
https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/23/archives/beautiful-days.html
Thomas Bernhard, the Austrian writer who, at his death in 1984, left instructions expressly prohibiting publication of his works in Austria for a full 70 years after his death, includes in his novel Correction a slightly less than flattering assessment of his homeland:
Austria, this most misunderstood country in the world, this country more problematical than any other in all world history…this state that was economically more decrepit than any other, which had nothing left, apart from its congenital imbecility, but its hypocrisy… once the center of Europe [Austria] was… no longer anything but a rummage sale of intellectual and cultural history, an unsold remainder of government merchandise… every Austrian is born to failure… his so-called homeland is actually, for him as for so many others, nothing but a horrible lifelong punishment for existing, for the blameless act of having been born in the first place…
This eviscerating passage might have served as an epigraph for the stunning short novel Schöne Tage (1974, translated into English by Anselm Hollo as Beautiful Days) by Bernhard’s Austrian contemporary Franz Innerhofer. Innerhofer may not provide quite as explicit a condemnation as Bernhard, but the picture he portrays of Austria works its way even more infectiously under the skin, a relentless catalog of recriminations that point an accusing finger at the “brutality and neglect” that mark the society Innerhofer depicts. It would be difficult to imagine a work with a more cuttingly ironic title.
Set in the economic wreckage of the years immediately following World War II in the farming country in Austria’s north, Beautiful Days, Innerhofer’s first novel and the first volume of a trilogy, begins with a curious opening line:
Torn away from the care of a childless woman, Holl suddenly found himself transplanted in an alien world.
Over the next few paragraphs, we are able to put the line in context, recognizing that Holl, Innerhofer’s vulnerable young protagonist, has in fact only recently been born (his birth coinciding approximately and symbolically with the end of World War II). Holl might as well not have come into the world, however, given what proceeds from his initial experience of being “torn away,” for the following pages depict an almost endless stream of abuses heaped upon the poor, illegitimate child. This initial separation from a “childless woman,” his caretaker for his first two years, is but the first of several wrenching dislocations. His next years are spent in wretched poverty with his mother, distinguishable from other adults chiefly by her being “the one who spanked him more often than any of the others,” and a neglectful stepfather, who has led “an unimaginably hard life from childhood on,” in Holl’s youth occupying the social status of disgraced former Nazi, “a pariah, full of inarticulate rage” (“inarticulate rage” is a recurrent phrase that characterizes the state of most of the adults in Beautiful Days). At age six Holl, essentially a welfare charge, is abruptly shunted off to live on Farm 48 in Haudorf in northern Austria with the father he’s never known, a brutish lug referred to in the novel only as “The Farmer,” and a cold stepmother, “The Wife.” Their identification by social role underscores his new guardians’ functional, passive-aggressive behavior towards Holl, whom they treat as little more than a nuisance and slave, and who seems to exist only “in terms of chores to be performed.” His new family simply replaces one set of abusive adults with another (Haudorf proves an apt name for the area in which Farm 48 is located, as the word’s root literally translates as “beaten down”). Holl is thrust into backbreaking farm work scarcely fit for an adult, let alone a mere child, and spends his long days in mud and manure, in fields and stables, valued beneath the livestock and, at home, berated and beaten into submission. The abuses Innerhofer catalogs in Beautiful Days brutalize the reader as well in both their individual occurrences and their cumulative effect, and it is only Holl’s inner resistance and instinctive sense of the injustice of it all – as well as Innerhofer’s tremendous talent as a writer - that makes the novel bearable in the least.
The starkly unsentimental, largely realist style of Beautiful Days leads the reader through Holl’s bleak daily cycle of bedwettings, physical and psychological abuse, hard labor, and unwelcoming home life, punctuated for the most part only by the oppressive heat of summer and the bitter cold of winter, by accident and death among the other workers and the livestock (calamities apathetically absorbed by the adults as though they were inevitabilities). Despite this gritty realism, Innerhofer also strings Holl’s tale onto a frame that allows his story to be seen as both particular and universal; Holl’s sufferings are not simply his own, but represent those inflicted by the failures of society as a whole. Innerhofer directs his condemnation of the treatment Holl receives not only at its immediate perpetrators but also at the institutions that allow such barbarities against children. Thus Holl’s anticipation that these institutions will intervene in some way to lessen his oppression meets with repeated disappointment. A burgeoning hope that mandatory schooling might provide an escape valve, that “homework…would liberate him from labor” (an almost certainly deliberate reformulation of the “Arbeit macht frei” of Hitler’s camps), evaporates as school quickly reveals itself as simply another piece of the machinery designed to keep children like Holl from attaining personhood, just another place where adults feel free to strike and degrade him. The church acts as an equally dehumanizing institution, designed to enforce ideology and conformity rather than provide solace or alleviate suffering. The ineffectual visits from child welfare officials, who fail to look beyond social surfaces carefully polished by adults eager to put the best face forward so as to mask the daily brutalities they inflict, reveal a welfare system abjectly derelict in its duties.
Innerhofer employs several remarkable narrative elements in Beautiful Days to enhance and deepen Holl’s riveting story. In his depiction of Holl’s earliest years, action is largely reduced to gesture, to a kind of high contrast, minimalist presentation of reality that reflects a young child’s frustrated efforts to make sense of a confounding world that values him for little more than his capacity for work and as the most handy target for the “inarticulate rage” vented by adults. Innerhofer’s stark, bleak descriptions, in his account of Holl’s early childhood, are strikingly minimalist and colorless, and his characters, in these first pages, seem almost silhouettes, as in the powerful work depicting scenes of American slavery by visual artist Kara Walker. But a brilliantly evolving narrative style develops along with Holl’s own growth in consciousness and self-awareness. The early monochromatic, silhouetted world gradually gives way to one richer in awareness and detail - albeit no less impoverished in quality of life. Holl’s sense of himself as self, as well as his initial stirrings of rebellion, long in coming, commence when the concept of suicide first occurs to him. His abrupt, stunned realization of this possibility of escaping his misery through his own agency is followed mere paragraphs later by the first instances of first-person narration to appear in the novel. A slow-motion explosion of self-awareness follows as the development of Holl’s young mind is paralleled by a perceptible increase in Innerhofer’s rendering of depth and detail as well as by periodic bursts of first person narration (that there are so pitifully few of these, however, only underscores Holl’s primary and anguishing sense of himself as an object). Despite the world’s coming into richer, more comprehensible focus, Holl’s miseries continue unabated, though the sharpening of his mind does provide him some minor triumphs in learning how to resist, neutralize, or exert some modicum of resilience over the abuses heaped upon him. However incremental, these small victories lead Holl to reject the option of suicide as it would only benefit his oppressors, who “could step over me and go on humiliating and tormenting people like me without hesitation.”
Innerhofer also employs an intensely effective kind of dialectic in the use of third person narration that juxtaposes and entwines simple, childlike sentences – “Every morning began in pain;” “It was still August;” “The train moved much too slowly;” “The train went much too fast” – with those of an omniscient narrator reporting and interpreting Holl’s life through adult retrospection. The result is a complex narrative style that allows a reader to be simultaneously inside Holl’s childhood world and outside it as a mature, almost clinical observer. An unusual tone is achieved through this variation, one that combines the straightforward simple storytelling of a children’s story or fable (one not entirely without humor) with the critical insight of a consciousness evaluating the fable as it’s being told.[1] Another notable narrative element is Innerhofer’s frequent use of italicized words and phrases. These serve to stress - like an insistent finger tapping the chest of the society Innerhofer charges with so many reprehensible failures - the fundamental aspects of Holl’s situation that could have been altered to make his life better. They’re used not so much to scold as to resolutely and with overwhelming force of conviction cast light on injustices and educate ignorance, serving as controlled, focused remonstrations without overt emotion but nonetheless brimming with indignation. At the same time, Innerhofer uses these italicized phrases to identify and dismantle the language of oppression, to take it apart at a linguistic level. For example, in Holl’s musing at the way the society characterizes suicide, one such phrase – that so and so “put an end to it” – becomes an expression Holl sees as a consensual, passive acceptance of suicide, as though it were an act completely independent of exogenous, societal influence, a failure of the individual having nothing to do with its social context.
One of Innerhofer’s great achievements in Beautiful Days is a careful balance between Holl’s particular, grim situation and its generalizability even beyond the period and its Austrian setting and institutions. The field labor in which Innerhofer’s characters are engaged might stand in for any kind of menial, coercive labor. The cruelties displayed by those around Holl could be found in other oppressive environments. And the indignation aimed at those responsible is leveled not simply at the malice of individuals, but at an entire society that expresses an almost autonomic neglect of its most sensitive and vulnerable members. The patterns of brutality and neglect so pervasive in Beautiful Days become a condemnation not only of Austria, and not only of the country’s noxiously acquiescent conformity perhaps most dramatically highlighted by its nearly unanimous support of Hitler’s Anschluss (references to historical particulars are certainly not absent in Beautiful Days, but are kept at a minimum), but of all societies that rest on their failure to rise above the most expedient social interactions and decline to treat kindness, generosity, and, especially, the care of children and cultivation of talent, as fundamental priorities. Innerhofer’s most severe criticism targets these failures across an entire society to exert agency and responsibility, to combat the accepted and the unacceptable.
There is a generous element in Innerhofer’s “lessons” (one that appears to distinguish it from Bernhard’s unmitigated wrath); it may not be forgiveness exactly, but there is at least a value placed on understanding that the cultures’ deficiencies descend from the contributions of poverty, institutional weaknesses, and a lack of education and opportunity. Part of the power of Beautiful Days derives from its acknowledgement of the psychology of brutality and neglect, its recognition of cycles of abuse and of economic and other factors contributing to the behavior of the society, at the same time refusing to allow these factors to absolve actors of their responsibility. One of the novel’s most breathtaking scenes involves the sudden appearance on Farm 48 of Helga, a no-nonsense worker who sees with piercing clarity, as does Holl, the injustices of the culture, but who unlike Holl has the fearlessness to refute them at every turn. Confronting The Wife one night, Helga smashes a bowl in an act both castigating and educating, forcing The Wife to recognize that human beings - who are not, after all, bowls to be shattered - should not be treated as though they were. Helga’s short stay at Farm 48 is the first genuine glimmer of hope in Holl’s miserable existence, the first real model for resistance that life has offered him, and a vindication of his own conviction that the behavior directed at him has been a matter of inexcusable injustice (as well as an austerely beautiful moment in the novel - Innerhofer acutely depicts the ability of children to know justice and injustice as a matter of the behavior around them while also recognizing their need for adult affirmation of these convictions).
Beautiful Days leads the reader to a simple yet radical conclusion encapsulated in what is perhaps the most significant milestone in Holl’s personhood, his apprehension “that it could have been different, all of it.” With this brief line, this explicit rejection of the status quo, Innerhofer obliterates excuses and justifications, reorienting the wretchedly deficient adult world to a measure of morality like that asserted by Dr. Rieux in Albert Camus’ The Plague in Rieux’s refusal “to love a scheme of things in which children are put to torture.” I know of nothing quite like Innerhofer’s achievement in Beautiful Days, the clear-sightedness with which, in such a short novel, he is able to illuminate so vividly the unjust waste of years of a child’s life (that the novel is apparently largely autobiographical may explain much of the visceral realism of the scenes Innerhofer describes), while at the same time delivering a blistering reproach of an entire society’s participation in that injustice. One emerges from Beautiful Days wanting nothing less than to insure the reality of that ideal set forth by John Dewey, that what the wisest and best parent wants for his or her child is what the community should want for all of its children.
In the end, the caustic irony of Innerhofer’s title may be more complex than it at first seems. An incisive sarcasm is intended, to be sure, but at the same time the title also acknowledges the beauty occasioned by Holl’s rare moments of happiness and wonder, of hope and of humanity, in the context of his otherwise crushing, mean life. And it must surely celebrate, without irony, the path to liberated selfhood that a sudden opportunity provides to Holl, one that mimics, in its autobiographical element, Innerhofer’s own escape from an inexorable and laborious childhood to pursue his becoming a writer. Perhaps, too, the title may be a poignant and pointed acknowledgment of the writer’s essentially aestheticizing role in his alchemical transformation of difficult experiences into art, and a subtle reminder that behind the fiction, there’s a real world where such unconscionable behaviors take place. It’s shattering to learn that this author who lived as well as created such a defiant and resilient young character would, in 2002, submit to suicide. After reading Innerhofer’s indelible, devastating novel, one is hard put not to think of that as Austria’s failure - and as our own as well should we not aspire to make, of all of our days and for all in the wide scope of our care, something beautiful.
https://seraillon.blogspot.com/search/label/INNERHOFER%20Franz
I think that it’s again time to spread the word of Austrian literature for a change! To my regret, it’s a really big challenge to find something suitable in English translation although it’s often said that in proportion to the total population of my country the number of Austrians among successful German-language writers is amazingly high. Be that as it may, the English edition of the book that I picked for today’s review happens to be out of print while it’s available in German, French and Spanish. The novel was written in the 1970s by an author who lived in Graz and even had a small, not to say tiny book shop here for several years. However, with Beautiful Days by Franz Innerhofer I continue on the sad side of fiction with a strongly autobiographical touch.
Franz Innerhofer was born in Krimml, Austria, in May 1944. After a childhood marked by hard work on his father’s Alpine farm, he was apprenticed as a locksmith and attended evening school to pass the Matura. Afterwards he studied German and English at the University of Salzburg for a few years, but never graduated. As from 1973 he was a full-time writer and lived in Orvieto, Italy, and near Zurich, Switzerland. His first novel Beautiful Days (Schöne Tage) came out in 1974 and brought him considerable renown. Other autobiographical works, most notable among them Schattseite (1975), followed until the early 1980s. From 1980 on he ran a small bookshop in Graz and suffered increasingly from alcoholism. The writer tried a come-back in the 1990s, his work was received with negative criticism, though. Franz Innerhofer committed suicide in Graz, Austria, in January 2002 and was found dead in his flat only a couple of days later.
Hiding behind the simple family name Holl, the author fictionalises in Beautiful Days his love-less and unhappy childhood on an Alpine farm in the mountains of Salzburg, Austria, shortly after World War II. Holl is an illegitimate child and treated as such from the very beginning. He spends his first six years on a small farm in the care of his unloving mother and her good-hearted husband. The family is growing and it gets increasingly difficult to feed all mouths, so she takes Holl to his biological father who has a big farm and is grateful for every cheap hand he can get to help. The boy is intelligent and very sensitive, but nobody cares, least of all his father who follows the example of generations beating their children into unquestioned obedience and emotional indifference. Holl suffers badly under the constant abuse, especially because he can’t understand the new rules and often finds them inconsistent. Before soon he begins to wet his bed in the cabinet adjacent to his parents’ bedroom… and is punished and humiliated for it. The boy’s days are filled with hard work from dawn to dusk like those of the other farm hands who are treated little better than slaves or serfs although they at least are paid petty wages. The father doesn’t care about Holl’s schooling and seldom leaves him time to study or at least do his homework, but he is too disheartened to make an effort anyways. When there is much work on the farm, he has to stay at home and ask the local physician for a certificate to justify his absence. In return for firewood the headmaster shuts his eyes to this practice. At some point the idea of killing himself (like so many others who are going through a similar hell) enters the boy’s mind, as he grows older, though, he is no longer willing to do the cruel lot pushing him around that favour. He goes on and turns into an unruly adolescent who is now big and strong enough to stand up against his father. In the end he manages to break free from the tyranny and becomes an apprentice to a locksmith.
In his (not too) fictionalised account of the Beautiful Days of his childhood Franz Innerhofer takes the place of a third-person narrator who can look at his protagonist’s life from a certain distance. The plot is marked by strong realism which also reflects in the author’s matter-of-fact language and unpretentious style. The description of events and the boy’s inner turmoil usually suffice to convey the immense suffering and desperation that cause the constant humiliation, corporal punishment and merciless exploitation of Holl by his father. The world in which the boy is doomed to grow up resembles much rather a hell on earth than the idylls of farm life and childhood which many (especially) post-war writers as well as film makers loved to produce until late into the 1960s. Franz Innerhofer doesn’t spare his readers a critical and blunt look at reality as he lived it, including all the mind-numbing cruelty and violence that he and many others had to endure, and yet, he manages to remain far from sentimental of accusing in his account. When the novel first came out in 1974, it received much critical acclaim – justly as I believe.
Reading Beautiful Days by Franz Innerhofer isn’t a cheerful experience, but it’s a powerful and impressive novel. The story absorbed me from the first page to the last and in my opinion it deserves being much more widely read. If you don’t mind a sad story and can lay hands on an English edition (or read the German original), you might enjoy this one.
https://edith-lagraziana.blogspot.com/2014/05/beautiful-days-by-franz-innerhofer.html
SYNOPSIS
The harrowing but true story of how Franz Innerhofer escaped a harsh upbringing in the Austrian mountain farmland to become a writer. It’s strong personal drama – especially in the treatment of the young Franz’s one meaningful relationship – with his grandfather.
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